COLLARS are mainly for attaching identification tags; they are suitable when a dog has already mastered loose leash walking and is not reactive on leash. However, even light pulling can result in serious neck and throat injuries.

HARNESSES are designed to fit around a dog's body, distributing pressure more evenly. Properly selected harnesses redirect a dog’s pulling habits through their center of gravity. I generally recommend harnesses as a safer choice, especially for dogs who are prone to pulling, have a high prey drive, and/or have a tendency to lunge at other animals or distractions while on walks.

Collars are not typically the best choice for addressing leash pulling. Instead, front-clip or dual-clip harnesses are more effective for this purpose.

The safety and effectiveness of these tools are subjects of significant debate and concern within the dog training community. Born to Be Dog Training doesn't recommend or endorse the use of these collars because they can cause serious injuries to a dog's neck, trachea, and esophagus.

Additionally, the pain and discomfort these tools cause may create negative associations with training, objects, people, and other animals. As a result, these experiences induce fear and behavioral issues may escalate. Use of these collars promote control over the dog, rather than addressing the root cause of the behavior. The best way to transform your dog's behavior is to address what is driving the behavior and teach your dog new skills to cope.

Electronic collars, also known as e-collars or shock collars, deliver varying levels of electrical stimulation directly on your dog's throat. These are also controversial tools, and Born to Be Dog Training does not recommend or endorse their use.

Similar to the risks of prongs and choke chains, e-collars can cause physical and psychological harm to dogs. The electric shocks, regardless of how low the voltage, can result in pain, stress, fear, and even exacerbate reactivity. These tools are punishment-based and can lead to dogs forming negative associations with their surroundings, as the shock doesn't clearly communicate which behaviors are unacceptable. These tools also aim to control behavior, and do not address the underlying cause.

A martingale collar is designed to prevent dogs from slipping out of their collars. It consists of two loops: a larger, adjustable loop that goes around the dog's neck, and a smaller loop connected to the leash. When the dog pulls or attempts to back out of the collar, the smaller loop tightens slightly, preventing escape.

These collars do not address or deter pulling. A martingale collar is best used in limited circumstances, most particularly for dogs with narrow heads or those prone to escaping flat buckle collars.

Puppies typically do well with flat buckle collars. Ensure the collar is adjustable to accommodate their growth, and monitor it regularly to prevent it from becoming too tight.